A pandemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads across the globe at a scale that far exceeds normal expectancy. A pandemic can cause severe and lasting economic disruption. This can be due to a reduction in production and sales, price increases for key commodities, and fiscal stress for households, private firms, and governments. In addition, a pandemic can increase the prevalence of chronic diseases, such as Zika-associated microcephaly, which have lifelong effects on well-being.
During a pandemic, people should stay home and do not go to public places or work, unless instructed to do so by their doctor. They should wash their hands frequently and cough or sneeze into the elbow rather than the hand, to minimise spreading the virus. Health officials may advise people to avoid air travel, and to change their transportation habits by using green modes such as walking and cycling instead of taking public transport. They can also try to keep themselves hydrated by drinking water rather than alcohol and caffeinated drinks.
Countries can improve their pandemic preparedness by investing in core infrastructure and capacities, increasing situational awareness, and enhancing public health messaging and the provision of medical treatment. However, the costs and benefits of these interventions vary by country, pathogen, and level of exposure. Moreover, few studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of specific pharmaceutical interventions in low- and lower-middle-income countries. A more global approach is needed to address these gaps. This includes increasing international investment in reducing spark risk and the likelihood of large-scale pathogen transmission.